THE SAHEEFA BY ABU HANIFA
Fard
It is what is required from us as individuals and/or
groups (beyond any doubt), based on an Ayah or a Hadeeth Mutawater.
Fard
`Ayn: It is the portion of knowledge, deeds, belief, utterance, etc. required
from every accountable person
(mukallaf).
Fard Kifayah:
It is what is required from a group or community of Muslims, as to if one in
that group or community performs it/achieves, the rest are no longer
accountable for that specific task (i.e. Janazah).
Waajib
It is what is required from us, yet the proof on its
requirements is not as strong, i.e. may contain a doubt, usually based on a
non-mutawater hadeeth (i.e. ahaad).
Fard and Wajeb is what we are rewarded for if we do
it, and are punished for if we don’t.
Sunnah
It is what accountable
persons are encouraged to do, they are rewarded if they do, and are NOT
punished if they don’t.
Sunnah Mu`akkadah
Sunnah Mustahabb
Mubah
It is what Shari`ah did not
issue a specific sentence on it, neither in reward nor punishment.
Makruh Tanzihi
It is what Shari`ah
encouraged us to avoid. The proofs are not as strong to forbid it entirely, yet
not as clear to permit it entirely.
Makruh Tahrimi
It is what is deemed
forbidden for us to do, say, and believe, etc. based on a Sunnah that is NOT
mutawater (i.e. hadeeth ahaad).
Haram
It is what is deemed
forbidden (beyond any doubt), based on an Ayah, or a hadeeth muta water.
CHAPTER 1 THE
OBLIGATORY (FARD) PARTS OF GHUSL
The following are the obligatory
parts of ghusl:
1) rinsing the mouth;
2) inhaling water; and
3) washing the rest of
the body.
The following necessitates
ghusl:
1) emission of semen,
accompanied by spurting and excitement, from a man or a woman;
2) contact of the two
sexual organ members, even without ejaculation;
3) termination of menses
(haydh); and
4) termination of
postpartum bleeding (nifas).
The
following are the Sunnah actions of ghusl:
1) begin with washing
his hands and genitals;
2) remove filth, if it
is on the body;
3) perform wudu, like
the wudu for salah, except for the feet;
4) pour water over the
rest of the body thrice; and
5) step aside from the
place where the above are performed and wash the feet.
Women
are not obligated to undo their braids in ghusl if the water reaches the roots
of the hair. There is no ghusl required for emission of prostatic
fluid and wady, but wudu is needed.
CHAPTER 2 WUDU
(ABLUTION)
2.5.1
The Obligatory (Fard) Parts of Wudu
The following are the obligatory parts of ghusl:
1) to wash the whole face, from the normal
hairline to the chin and from one ear to the other including the hair and skin,
but not the inner part of the man's beard when the hair therein is thick;
2) to wash the hands and the forearms up to
and including the elbows and what is on them;
3) to wet wipe one-quarter (¼) of the head;
and
4) to wash the feet with the ankles included,
or else to wet wipe the footgear (khuff) when the conditions of the footgear
are fulfilled.
The
following are the Sunnah actions of wudu:
1) to make an
intention*;
2) *according to Imam
Shafi’iy it is a Fard of wudu and must accompany the water touching the face.
3) *according to Imam
Malik, intention should be either at the beginning of wudu or slightly before.
4) washing the two
hands;
5) saying Bismillah
arrahman arrahim at the start of the wudu;
6) Siwak;
7) rinsing the mouth;
8) inhaling water;
9) wiping the ears;
10) combing (khilaal) the
beard;
11) repeating the washing
of each organ three (3) times; and
12) performing the wudu
in order*.
13) *a fard according to
Imam Shafi’iy.
The
following invalidates wudu:
1) anything which exits
from the two pathways;
2) blood, pus or
serum when they exit from its location to a place which it is incumbent to
purify;
3) vomit, if it was a
mouthful;
4) touching the male
and/or female genital organs or anus with the inside part of the bare hand;
5) losing consciousness,
which includes insanity, drunkenness, coma, and sleep, except if one is
sleeping with his buttocks firmly seated;
6) laughter in any prayer containing ruku` and sujud (i.e. salatul Janaz
Tayammum (Dry Purification i.e. Without Water)
According to Imam Abu
Hanifa and Muhammad bin Al-Hasan (r.a.), tayammum is permissible with anything
that is of the category of earth, such as soil, sand, stone, gypsum, lime,
antimony and arsenic. Al-Qadi Abu Yusuf (r.a.) said: it is not permissible
except with soil and sand specifically.
2.6.1
Excuses Permitting Tayammum
Tayammum may be performed in the following cases with pure and
clean earth surface:
1) one who cannot find water while
travelling; or
2) one who is outside the developed land with
approximately one mile or more between him and the water; or
3) one who can find water, but is sick, and
is afraid that if he uses the water, his sickness will be intensified; or
4) if one in janabah and fears that if he
makes ghusl with the water, the cold will kill him or make him ill.
It is recommended for one who does not find water,
but is hopeful of finding it at the end of the prayer time, to delay the prayer
to the last part of the time. Then, if he finds water, he performs wudu
with it and prays, otherwise he performs tayammum and prays.
If a traveler does not believe that there is water
close to him then he is not obligated to search for it and can perform
tayammum, however, if he believes that there is water close by, then he cannot
perform tayammum until he searches for it.
2.6.2
How To Do Tayammum?
Tayammum
is two strikes: one wipes one’s face with one of them, and one’s arms to the
elbows with the other. Tayammum from hadath and janabah are the same.
Intention is obligatory in tayammum, but recommended in wudu.
2.6.3
Invalidators of Tayammum
The following invalidates tayammum:
1) by everything which invalidates wudu;
2) by seeing water, if one is capable of
using it.
One may pray with his
tayammum whatever he wishes of obligatory and optional prayers.
CHAPTER THREE
(Menstruation)
3.1
Definition
The minimum menstrual
bleeding is three days and nights, so anything which falls short of that is not
menstrual blood (haydh) but chronic bleeding (istihadah). The maximum menstrual
bleeding is ten days and nights, so anything which exceeds that is istihadah.
3.2
Prohibitions of Haydh and Nifas
The following apply for females with haydh:
1) salah is waived, and need not be made up
later;
2) fasting is prohibited, however, it has to
be made up later;
3) entering a mosque is prohibited;
4) circumambulating the House (i.e. the
Ka`bah) is prohibited;
5) her husband is prohibited from approaching
her for intercourse;
A menstruating female and one in janabah:
1) may not recite the Qur'an;
2) they, as well as one with hadath, may not
touch the Qur'an, unless they hold it with its case.
3.3
Completion of Purity
The following conditions apply:
1) For menstrual bleeding ceasing in less
than ten (10) days.
It is not permissible for her and her husband to have intercourse until:
a) she performs ghusl; or
b) the time of a salah enters with enough time for
her to perform ghusl and salah (taharah hukmiyyah, because as of that time she
is accountable for her salah).
2) For menstrual bleeding ceasing after
ten (10) days.
It is permissible but not
recommended to have intercourse with her even before the ghusl, yet it is
recommended that she do the ghusl first.
3) If purity interrupts two (2) bleedings
within the period of menstruation.
It is treated as a continuously flowing blood.
3.4
Chronic Bleeding (Istihadah)
The blood of istihadah is that which a female sees for less than three (3) days or more than ten (10) days in menstruation, or more than forty (40) days after childbirth. It includes the blood that a pregnant woman sees, and that which a woman sees during childbirth but before the emergence of the child.
Istihadah is viewed the same as perpetual nose bleeding; it does not prevent
fasting, nor salah, nor the intercourse.
The female with istihadah,
and anyone with a constant drip of urine, or a perpetual nose bleeding, or a
wound which does not stop, performs wudu for the time of each salah, and then
they may perform with that wudu whatever they wish of fard and nafl.
3.5
Postpartum Bleeding (Nifas)
Nifas is the blood that exits following the
childbirth. There is no limit for the minimum duration of nifas, but its
maximum time is forty (40) days. Whatever exceeds that, is
istihadah.
CHAPTER FOUR
(FILTH – NAJAS)
Purification of filth in the body, clothes, and place is
obligatory for a salah to be valid. The shari`ah considers alcohol, alcohol
containing perfumes, etc. as filth.
4.1
Means of Cleansing
The following are permissible:
1) cleansing of filth with water, and with
any pure liquid with which it can be removed, such as vinegar and rose-water;
2) rubbing a filth contaminated khuff with
the ground, if the filth has become dry.
Semen is unclean (differing from Imam Shafi’iy who considers it to be clean), and it is obligatory to wash it, but if it has dried on a garment it is sufficient to scrape it off.
If the ground is
contaminated by filth, it may be considered pure if the sun dries it and if the
trace of filth disappears, then, salah is permissible in that place, but
tayammum is not.
4.2
Regulations of Cleansing
Whoever is contaminated by severe filth, such as blood, urine,
stool, or wine, to the extent of a dirham or less, salah is permissible with
it, but if it is more than a Dirham it is not permissible. The size of dirham
is estimated as the width of a palm (some scholars estimate the size as the
kneecap). Imam Shafi’iy and Imam Zufar do not discriminate in filth whether
little or large.
If one is contaminated with light filth, such as the urine of those animals whose flesh may be eaten, salah is permissible with it as long as it does not reach one quarter (1/4) of the garment.
4.3
Categories of Filth
The following are the main categories:
1) Filth that has a visible essence.
2) It is cleaned by removing its substance,
unless some trace of it persists which is extremely hard to remove.
3) Filth which does not have a visible
essence.
4) It is cleaned by washing it until the
washer is satisfied that the filth has been cleansed.
Najasah Kalbiyyah (filth
from a dog) should be washed three (3) times to be cleaned. Imam Shafi’iy
recommends washing it seven (7) times one of which is mixed with pure soil.
CHAPTER
FIVE
(Istinja`)
Istinja` is Sunnah.
Istinja` can be performed with
stones, and that which take their place (things that are pure, not smooth
surfaced, and not honourable). One wipes the area until it is clean, even if
water is available. There is no specific recommended number of wipings (3
times, according to Imam Shafi’iy).
If the filth exceeds its
orifice, water must be used.
One should not perform istinja` with a bone, nor with dung, nor with food, nor with the right hand.
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